1. Makalah Manajemen: Penerapan Balanced Scorecard Sebagai Tolok Ukur Penilaian Pada Badan Usaha Berbentuk Koperasi

2. Makalah Teknologi: Sistem Booking Penjadwalan Personal Online Berbasis WAP

3. Makalah Hukum: Masalah-Masalah Hukum Dalam Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah

4. Makalah Pendidikan: Strategi Menghadapi Liberalisasi Pendidikan Tinggi

5. Makalah Akuntansi: Pengaruh Interaksi Ketidakpastian Lingkungan, Desentralisasi, dan Agregat Informasi Akuntansi Manajemen Terhadap Kinerja Manajerial

Sankha Nath Bandyopadhyay

Abstract:
Prior to the 1997 crisis, the three economies, namely Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, used either fixed or heavily managed exchange rate policies. There is a great deal of debates regarding the reasons of the East-Asian crisis by which these countries were more or less affected. The issue of an ‘ideal exchange rate policy’ is also hotly debated. However, after a decade, the problem of crisis has been transformed from a ‘crisis’ to a ’surplus.’ The monetary authorities of these economies are facing the challenges of managing the reserves. Both the Bank of Thailand and Malaysia has moved from fixed to market-determined exchange rate system. Malaysia, however sticks to the fixed exchange rate policy. All the three economies have moved from base money to inflation targeting. They are using different instruments to set short-term interest rate. The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Bank of Thailand has set-up the rate of interest within the targeted zone of 3.5 per cent (per year).Other two economies are, however, not so rigid in maintain inflation-target.

Keywords: Exchange Rate Regimes, Asia, Monetary Policy, Inflation, Capital Inflows

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Cut Dian R.D. Agustina, F. Javier Arze del Granado, Tim Bulman, Wolfgang Fengler, Mohamad Ikhsan

Abstract:
Indonesia’s oil revenues and fuel subsidies dominate the nation’s economic policy agenda. This paper estimates the impact of higher international oil prices on the Indonesian government’s fiscal position in 2008 and beyond. It analyzes the interactions between government revenues and expenditures, as well as international oil prices, energy subsidies, and inter-governmental transfers. Looking at the impact of oil prices over US$100 per barrel, the paper presents five main findings. First, despite record high oil prices, the government’s oil and gas revenues have been decreasing relative to non-oil and gas revenues since 2001. Second, fuel subsides will reach record levels in 2008 while electricity subsidies have been increasing even faster. Third, the paper finds that most of the fuel subsidy that directly benefits households goes to the richest 20 percent. Fourth, even at levels above US$100 per barrel, the government receives more revenues from oil and gas than it spends on energy subsidies. However, due to significant revenue-sharing with sub-national governments, high oil prices are net-negative for the central government, while they create fiscal windfalls for many regions. Finally, the oil sector’s positive impact on Indonesia’s public finances declines as oil prices rise, because subsidies and other expenditures outgrow oil and gas revenues.

Keywords: Energy Production and Transportation, Oil Refining & Gas Industry, Markets and Market Access, Debt Markets, Energy and Environment

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Abstract

The central aim of this research has been to examine a particular development intervention by exposing its underlying paradigms and the discourses this generated. It was hypothesized that there is often a disjuncture between the changes explicitly pursued by such an intervention and those that result, which can then be linked to the paradoxical relationship between these paradigms and discourses. In other words, the incongruence of development aims and project actualities arises from the tensions between competing agendas and understandings. Therefore by exposing the contradictions in these underlying paradigms we gain insight into the politics of change. The programme studied was the UN Population Fund project in West Java, Indonesia, examining its layers through multi-sited research based in the centre (Jakarta), provincial government (Bandung) and two villages in the province. A Foucauldian framework, emphasizing local politics as a site of both physical and semiotic struggle and integrated within the analytical framework of a hermeneutical circle, was employed. In studying these gender-targeted programmes, conclusions were drawn on the nature of institutional discourse creation, bureaucratic ignorance, power in its many facets, and the construction and contestation of gender roles.

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Abstract
The result of an “overlay analysis approach” suggests that Bandung municipality (Kota Bandung) need to re-emphasize the role of service sectors such electricity, gas, water supply, financial sector, and others service sector as engine of economic development. Those sectors are found to be the most promising in term of its future potential as the driver of economic growth of the region. The potential economic sector of Bandung regency (Kabupaten Bandung) on the other hand are still dominated by its traditionally-dominant sector such as agriculture and manufacturing.

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Economic Valuation of Urban Informal Activities: Case Study of Flea Markets in Bandung Municipality (2008)

This study analyzes some social economic aspects of informal activities using case study of flea markets in Bandung Municipality. The objectives are to provide a description of the information we collected during our field survey, and report our findings on the Willingness to Pay (WTP) of people who are doing informal business in the flea markets under study on some services. We use Censored Regression Model to estimate WTP for some relevant services (general user charge, waste disposal services, security, and congestion) in the flea market. We found two important determinants of WTP, which are the amount of working capital, and the ownership of the merchandise.

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2008 World Population Data Sheet

The demographic divide—the inequality in the population and health profiles of rich and poor countries—is widening. Two sharply different patterns of population growth are evident: Little growth or even decline in most wealthy countries and continued rapid population growth in the world’s poorest countries.

The Population Reference Bureau’s 2008 World Population Data Sheet and its summary report offer detailed information about country, regional, and global population patterns.

“Nearly all of world population growth is now concentrated in the world’s poorer countries,” said Bill Butz, PRB’s president. “Even the small amount of overall growth in the wealthier nations will largely result from immigration.”

In 2008, world population is 6.7 billion: 1.2 billion people live in regions classified as more developed by the United Nations; 5.5 billion people reside in less developed regions. “We will likely see the 7 billion mark passed within four years,” said Carl Haub, PRB senior demographer and co-author of this year’s Data Sheet. “And by 2050, global population is projected to rise to 9.3 billion. Between now and mid-century, these diverging growth patterns will boost the population share living in today’s less developed countries from 82 percent to 86 percent.”

The 2008 World Population Data Sheet provides up-to-date demographic, health, and environment data for 209 countries and 25 regions of the world. It points up stark contrasts between developed and developing countries, as shown in the table.

“The differences between Italy and the Democratic Republic of the Congo illustrate this widening demographic divide,” said Mary Mederios Kent, co-author of this year’s Data Sheet. “On one side are mostly poor countries with high birth rates and low life expectancies. On the other side are mostly wealthy countries with low birth rates and rapid aging.”

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Trade and Development Report 2008

The Trade and Development Report 2008, subtitled “Commodity Prices, Capital Flows and the Financing of Investment” highlights the paradox that the “capital poor” developing world is exporting capital to the “capital rich” developed countries. This “puzzle”, which defies mainstream economic theory, is all the more intriguing as many capital-exporting countries have been achieving higher rates of investment and growth than those that continue to rely on net capital imports. Against this background the Report suggests to shift the focus in financial policies from households “putting more money aside” and imports of “foreign savings”, to the reinvestment of profits and credit creation through the domestic banking system. As shown by an increasing number of countries in recent years, dependence on foreign capital inflows can often be avoided by policies aiming at a “competitive” exchange rate. In other cases, however, large increases in official development assistance are indispensable not only to foster the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015, but also to improve infrastructure and increase productive capacities, a condition for sustained growth, employment generation and poverty reduction beyond that date.

In its analysis of global economic prospects, the Report says that uncertainty and instability in international financial, currency and commodity markets are contributing to a gloomy outlook for the world economy and present considerable risks for the developing world. The situation would be exacerbated if monetary policy becomes more restrictive in response to the price effects of commodity imports, rather than providing an expansionary stimulus to counter the recessionary tendencies.

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World Investment Report 2007

World Investment Report 2007 (WIR07) is the seventeenth in a series published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The Report analyses the latest trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) and puts a special focus in 2007 on the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in the extraction of oil, gas, and metal minerals.

Higher prices for many minerals have led to renewed investor interest in the extractive industries. TNCs ? including some of the world´s largest corporations ? play a key role in the mining of metals and in the extraction of oil and gas. Privately owned TNCs dominate the harvesting of metal minerals, while State-owned companies from developing and transition economies are key players in oil and gas. Many such State-owned firms are emerging as TNCs in their own right.

Drawing on unique data, the Report examines TNC involvement in the extraction of mineral resources and maps the key countries and companies. It also discusses how the forces driving investment change as raw materials progress up the “value chain” to become finished products, and as different types of companies participate. In view of recent discussion of the so-called “resource curse,” the Report explores how the participation of TNCs may help or hinder long-term, broad-based economic development in developing countries — the best approach for reducing poverty and raising living standards. It considers how energy and mineral extraction can help governments achieve such aims.

As in previous years, WIR07 presents the latest data on FDI and traces global and regional trends in FDI and in international production by TNCs. Global FDI inflows rose in 2006 for the third consecutive year. This growth was shared by all major country groups: developed countries, developing countries and the transition-economies of South-East Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States . Rising demand for commodities was reflected in a steep increase in natural resource-related FDI, although the services sector continued to be the dominant recipient of FDI. Among the developing regions, FDI inflows to subregions such as North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, West Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and South-East Asia were at record levels, as were foreign investment flows to transition economies.

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Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menangani limbah yang terjadi dari industri biodiesel. Air limbah yang dihasilkan dari industri biodiesel diperkirakan memiliki kandungan organik yang cukup tinggi.  dengan demikian perlu dipertimbangkan untuk mengolahnya dengan proses anaerob, sehingga berpotensi untuk mendapatkan produk samping berupa biogas (gas metana). Namun demikian, proses aerob sebagai kelanjutan degradasi secara anaerob harus pula ditinjau, karena masih adanya kandungan organik yang tersisa setelah proses anaerob. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi proses anaerob masih kecil yang ditunjukkan oleh hasil uji Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) yang hanya sekitar 30%, akan tetapi dari uji Anaerobic Toxicity Assay (ATA) tampak bahwa limbah cair tidak menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme metanogen. Kinerja proses aerob juga belum menunjukkan hasil yang maksimal, karena efisiensi biodegradasi baru sekitar 75-80%. Hal ini karena proses aerob seharusnya ditujukan untuk mengolah lebih lanjut efluen proses anaerob.

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